Heroin is an addictive drug that is processed from morphine and commonly appears as a silver or brown powder. Its illegally obtained names include smack, H, ska, junk, and many others.
Heroin use is still on the rise and it has become a serious difficulty in America and throughout the Western world. Heroin use is linked with serious health conditions, including lethal overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and, particularly in abusers who inject the drug, transmissible diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
The short-term effects of heroin consumption materialize soon after a solitary dose and disappear in a few hours.
After an injection of heroin, the user reports sensing a surge of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm blushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities. Following this preliminary euphoria, the user goes "on the nod" - an alternately alert and drowsy condition. Mental functioning becomes anxious due to the repression of the central nervous system.
Long-term effects of heroin use become visible after continual use for some period of time. Chronic users may develop collapsed veins, disease of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulitis, and liver disease. Pulmonary complications, including numerous sorts of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroin's depressing effects on respiration.
Heroin consumption during pregnancy, along with the many connected environmental factors (e.g., lack of prenatal care) have been linked with numerous poor consequences for new-born children including low birth mass - a significant risk factor for ensuing child-development setbacks.
In addition to the effects of the drug itself, street heroin may have additives that do not speedily dissolve and result in blocking the arteries that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys or brain. This can result in infection or even death of minor patches of cells in essential organs.
With regular heroin use, tolerance develops. This means the abuser must use more to realize the same intensity of effect. As larger doses are used over time, bodily addiction and addiction grow.
With bodily dependence, the body has adapted to the existence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms may ensue if use is reduced or suddenly stopped. Withdrawal, which in habitual abusers may occur as early as a few hours after the last administration, produces drug craving, restiveness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhoea and vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps ("cold turkey"), involuntary kicking movements ("kicking the habit"), and other symptoms.
Major withdrawal signs peak between 48 and 72 hours after the last dose and subside after about a week. Sudden withdrawal by seriously dependent addicts who are in poor health is sometimes fatal, although heroin withdrawal is thought to be less dangerous than alcohol or barbiturate withdrawal.
In many Western countries Methadone is administered to heroin abusers as a substitute to abrupt withdrawal. In theory, the methadone is used as an provisional means to help the user get over his or her reliance on heroin The main difficulty with this though is that methadone is even more addictive than the drug it is supposed to be replacing!
This is the irony. Heroin was first invented to help folks who had become addicted to morphine, but it turned out to be more addictive than morphine. Methadone is similarly more addictive than heroin, and it is the addictive quality of the drug that accounts for the awful number of fatalities.
In the short-term, Methadone is a less risky drug than many of its alternatives, but the longer the drug is used and the more severely the user becomes hooked, the lower the user's chances of recovery become.
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